GAS Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic Analysis Ayyappala Kera Thailam

^*Correspondence: Vijayakumar R, Department of Physiology, Sree Lakshmi Narayana Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India, Email:

Author info »

Introduction

The validation of traditional and alternative medicines like, Ayuveda, Sidhha, Unani, Chinese etc. by modern scientific parameters is very important to establish their authenticity. This has become all the more pertinent due to the failures of modern day molecular medicines at various fronts. The uses of traditional medicines are in vogue around the globe but due to lack of proper validation they are not coming into the main stream of medicinal practice. Since last decade or so there has been some studies in this regard which is heartening [1-17]. Use of Ayurvedic, Sidhha and other complementary and alternative medicines is an age old practice. The process of preparing of these medicines is also quite elaborate strictly as per the standard procedures and protocols present in the respective literatures.

This report indicates the phytochemicals present in Ayurvedic oil, AyyappalaKerathailam, used for treating psoriasis, chronic exfoliating dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, eczema, fungal infections etc. which is used by external application.

The ingredients of this medicine:

KeraTaila: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil: 10 ml.

ShwetaKutaja: Wrightia tinctoria leaves: 40 gm.

Nimba: Neem: Azadirachta indica leaves: 1.250 gm.

The oil is applied on the affected skin ½ to one hr. and washed off with warm water. The shelf life is mentioned to be 3 years.

The three ingredients are known for their medicinal values and are in use in various compositions in many Ayurvedic and Sidhha medicines. A brief description of the medicinal potential of each is mentioned hereunder.

Coconut: Cocos nucifera

Coconut is an important cash crop and widely used as a part of food and its beneficial roles are reported by many research articles [18-29]. The use of coconut oil as dietary oil is a common practice in all he countries where coconut is available in plenty. Coconut oil is an important ingredient in most of the Ayurvedic and Sidhha medicines both for intake as well for topical application and one of the most used hair oils. It is considered as one of the best antiseptic for any skin injury.

Wrightia tinctoria

Nimba (Neem): Azadirachta indica

Neem is also a known medicinal plant with wide range of curative roles [30,31]. Thus is it interesting that the Ayurvedic proponents have chosen these three plants to formulate one skin oil for various types of skin ailments only for topical use. The present study is to find the molecular profile of this thailam by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic analysis. This knowledge could indicate the underlying medicinal properties of this medicine.

Materials and Methods

The medicine Ayyappalakerat hailam was procured from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai, India. 50 ml of Ayyappala kera thailam was taken and extracted with ethyl acetate solvent in separating funnel. The extracted material was filtered and concentrated in water bath at low temperature and was charged to have GC MS patterns by standard procedures.

Mass Spectrometer is used for the determination of molecular weight of the compound and also for their structure elucidation. The compounds are identified by (NIST & WILEY) library.

Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the Gas Chromatography Mass S graphs of Ayyapala kera thailam showing the number of peaks, their retention time etc. Table 1 indicates the presence of possible types of compounds with the retention times, molecular mass, peak areas and their medicinal roles found the GC MS profile of Ayyapala kera thailam. The identification of molecules was done NIST spectral library and the possible pharmaceutical roles of each bio-molecule as per National Agriculture Library, USA and others as shown in Table 1. [32]

Sl. No	Retention Time	Compound Name	Mol. Formula	Mol. Weight	Peak Area	Medicinal Role
1	4.32	Octanoic acid	C8H1602	144	321692208	Acidifier, Acidulant, Arachidonic acid inhibitor, Inhibits production of uric acid
2	5.02	4-Acetoxy-3-methoxystyrene	C11H1203	192.1	37195742	Not Known
3	5.23	n-Decanoic acid	C10H2O2	172.1	229614364	Increases production of Uric acid, Anaphylactic, Antitumor, Decreases nor epinephrine production, GABAerigic, Increases NK cell Activity, Myoneuron stimulant
4	6.11	Dodecanoic acid	C12H24O2	200.2	948463036	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid
5	6.55	Octanoic acid, cycobutyl Ester	C12H22O2	198.2	32880864	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid,
6	6.83	Tetra decanoic acid	C14H29O2	228.2	528148778	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid
7	7.94	Dodecanoic acid	C12H24O2	200.2	319253420	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid,
8	8.87	Dodecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydropropyl ester	C15H30O4	274.2	218939823	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid
9	9.2	1,1’-Bicyclopropyl, 2,2,3,’,2’-tetramethyl-	C10H18	138.1	207289051	Not known
10	9.36	3-methylpenta-3-yl propyl carbonate	C10H20O3	188.1	70596240	Not Known
11	12.45	Heptane,4-ethyl-	C9H20	128.2	55568269	Not Known
12	13.06	1,2-Benzenediol,O-(5-chlorovaleryl)-o’-(1-nephthoyl)-	C22H19ClO4	382.1	40675250	Not Known
13	14.79	n-Butyl laurate	C16H32O2	256.2	580692387	Anaphylactic, antitumor, Decreases Norepinephrine production, Down regulates nuclear and cytosol androgen production, GABA-ergic, Increases NK cell activity, Inhibits production of Tumor necrosis factor, Myoneuro stimulant, N-Cholinolytic, NADH-Oxidase inhibitor, NADH-Ubiquinone-Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, Narcotic, CNS depressant
14	14.8	Acetic anhydride	C4H6O3	102	36264325	Not known
15	16.61	Dodecanoic acid, pentafluorophenyl ester	C18H23F5O2	306.2	363369333	Increases production of Uric acid
16	18.39	Dodecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester	C27H52O5	456.4	101484340	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid
17	18.42	Sarcosine, N-(1-naphthoyl)-, butyl ester	C18H21NO3	299.2	40670803	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid, Anaphylactic, Antitumor, Decrease nor epinephrine production, GABAnerigic, Increases NK cell Activity, Myoneuron stimulant
18	18.47	Caprylic anhydride	C16H30O3	270.2	130419195	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid,
19	18.6	Dodecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester	C27H52O5	456.4	141767308	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid,
20	19.97	trans-3-Trifluoromethylcinnamic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester	C27H52O5	227.1	32750819	Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, Catachol-O- Methyl Transferase Inhibitor, Decreases Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase, Glutathione-S-Transferase Inhibitor
21	20.01	1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinan-2-amine, 4-methyl-N-phenyl-, 2-oxide, trans-	C16H10F3NO4	227.1	81599860	Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, Catachol O Methyl Transferase Inhibitor, Increases Glutathione S transferase Activity, Catechol O Methyl Transferease Inhibitor, Arachidonic Acid Inhibitor, Decreases Glutamate Pyruvate transaminase, Inhibits Uric acid Production, Acidulant
22	20.09	Dodecanoic acid, ethenyl ester	C14H26O2	226.2	824940857	Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor, Increases Glyoxalate transamination, Increases Glutathione S transferase Activity, Catechol O Methyl Transferease Inhibitor, Arachidonic Acid Inhibitor, Decreases Glutamate Pyruvate transaminase, Inhibits Uric acid Production, Acidulant
23	22.41	4-Methyl-2,4-bis(4'-trimethylsilyloxyphenyl)pentene-1	C24H36O2Si2	412.2	2958093897	Catechol-o-methyl Transferease
24	22.94	Acetic acid, cesium salt	C2H3CsO2	195.9	107062504	Increases aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase Activity, Increases production of Uric acid,

Figure 1: Indicates the GC MS profile of Ayyappala kera Thailam.

From Figure 1 and Table 1 it is indicated that Ayyapala Kera Thailam contains mostly fatty acids and their esters or salts such as Octanoic Acid, n-Decanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Octanoic acid, cycobutyl ester, Tetra decanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid 2,3-dihydropropyl ester, n-Butyl laurate, Dodecanoic acid, pentafluorophenyl ester, Dodecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester, Sarcosine, N-(1-naphthoyl)-, butyl ester, trans- 3-Trifluoromethyl cinnamic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester, 1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinan-2-amine, 4-methyl-N-phenyl-, 2-oxide, trans-, Dodecanoic acid, ethenyl ester, 4-Methyl- 2,4-bis(4'-trimethylsilyloxyphenyl)pentene-1, Acetic acid, cesium salt etc.

The basic concept of Ayurvedic treatment for any disease is to correct the aberration in the three doshas, namely, Vata, Pitha and Kapha. Skin diseases, particularly inflammation and infections are caused due to imbalance in Pitta form of constitution. Coconut oil is considered best in balancing this dosha. It is a coolant andantimicrobial due to the presence of saturated fatty acids, Wrightiatinctoria helps in alleviating all the three doshas. Neem is one of the oldest medicine for skin diseases and also known to have extremely high antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. The medicinal values of most of the molecules as seen in the GCMS analysis indicate antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. The possible positive role of some of the molecules are mentioned hereunder:

â?? N Hexadacoinc acid has been reported to have properties such as increase aromatic Amino Acid decarboxylase activity, decrease nor epinephrine production, GABA-nergic, increase NK cell activity and myo-neuron stimulant etc. Increase in aromatic Amino acid decarboxylase activity leads to decarboxylation of L-Dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan thus increasing the production of catechol amines such as Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and Serotonin. The presence of more catechol amines cause mood elevation, stress relief and increased peripheral blood circulation. It is neither interesting that this compound decreases the neither function of nor epinephrine, which is known for peripheral vascular contraction. The capacity to stimulate myoneurons also plays a major factor in maintaining good health of skin.

â?? 2-Methyl-3-93-methyl-but-2-enyl)-enyl)-oxetane, has the following biological roles: Catecholo- methyl Transferase inhibitor, Methyl donor, Methyl Guanidine inhibitor etc. Catechol-omethyl Transferase is as enzyme that degrades catechol amines like dopamine, nor epinephrine, epinephrine and other catechol compounds. By inhibiting its activity this compound present in AyyappalaKerathailam makes these compounds available which help in maintaining good health of skin.

â?? 3, 7-Decadien-2-one, 10-(3,3-dimethoxyloxiran dimethyl-, (E,E)-,+/-.- has properties such as anticancer, antidote, antitumor, Cytochrome –P450- 2E1-inhibitor, decreases endothelial leukocyte adhesion, decreases epinephrine production. These properties can indirectly help in maintaining health of skin.

â?? 5α-reductase Inhibitors helps in stoppage of the steroid breakdown thus enabling the availability of the steroid in blood stream which in turn could help maintain the good health of skin.

â?? Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor stops the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes, making them available during glucose metabolism and the presence of this enzyme can increase the energy supply to the skin. Thus it can be surmised from the above discussion it is clear that Ayyappalakerathailam is an excellent medicine for various skin diseases.

Conclusion

Thus it can be surmised from the above discussion it is clear that Ayyappalakerathailam is an excellent medicine for various skin diseases. The biological roles of some of the molecules such as 1,1’-Bicyclopropyl, 2,2,3,’,2’-tetramethyl-, 3-methylpenta-3-yl propyl carbonate, Heptane,4-ethyl-, 1,2-Benzenediol, O-(5- chlorovaleryl)-o’-(1-nephthoyl)-, Acetic anhydride are not known. Further work in this direction is warranted.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the help received by one and all.

References

1. Divya D, Prabhu K. GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity of an Ayurvedic medicine, Salmali Niryasa. J Chem Pharm Rese 2015; 7:131-139.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

2. Valli KA, Sudharsanam D, Prabhu K, et al. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study of one ayurvedic oil, kunthalakanti thailam. Drug Inven Today 2020; 14.

Google Scholar

3. Sivakumaran G, Prabhu K, Rao MR, et al. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of one ayurvedic oil, ksheerabala thailam. Drug Invent Today 2019; 11:2661-2665.

Google Scholar

4. Narayanan G, Prabhu K, Rao MR, et al. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of one Ayurvedic medicine, Drakshadi Kashayam. Drug Invent Today 2019; 11:2652-2666.

Google Scholar

5. Narayanan G, Prabhu J, Rao MR, et al. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of one ayurvedic medicine, kutajarishtam. Drug Invent Today 2019; 11:2666.

Google Scholar

6. Narayanan G, Prabhu K, Krishna Rao MR, et al. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of one Ayurvedic antiobesity medicine, Lohasava. Drug Invent Today 2019; 11.

Google Scholar

7. Kumar MH, Prabhu K, Rao MR, et al. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of one Ayurvedic skin oil, Eladi Kera Thailam. Drug Invent Today 2019; 11:2657-2660.
8. Mohammad H, Prabhu K, Rao MR, et al. The GC MS study of one Ayurvedic pain relieving oil “Mahamashathailam”. Drug Invent Today 2019;12:1524-7.

Google Scholar

9. Mohammad H, Prabhu K, Rao MR, et al. The GC MS study of one ayurvedic pain relieving oil, karpooradithailam. Drug Invent Today 2019; 12:1542-6.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

10. Prabhu J, Prabhu K, Chaudhuri A, et al. Neuro-protective effect of ayurveda formulation, saraswatharishtam, on scopolamine induced memory impairment in animal model. Pharmacog J 2020; 12.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

11. Prabhu K, Rao MRK, Bharath AK, et al. The GC MS study of one Ayurvedic Rasayana formulation Narasimha Rasayanam. Drug Invent Today 2020; 13:658-662.

Google Scholar

12. Prabhu K, Rao MR, Vishal SK, et al. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry study of one Ayurvedic Rasayana drug, Dhanwantari Rasayanam. Drug Invent Today 2020; 14.

Google Scholar

13. Sharmila D, Poovarasan A, Pradeep E, et al. GC MS analysis of one Ayurvedic formulation" Nasika churnam". Res J Pharm Technol 2021; 14:1400-1404.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

14. Narayanan G, Prabhu K, Chaudhury AB, et al. Cardioprotective role of partharishtam on isopreterenol induced myocardial infarction in animal model. Pharmacog J 2021; 13.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

15. Kalivannan J, Janaki CS, Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao, et al. The GC MS a study of one ayurvedic formulation, Chandanasavam. Ind J Natur Sci 2021; 12:33671-33676.

Google Scholar

16. Akshaya SR, Kalaivani S, Prabhu K, et al. The GC MS study of one Ayurvedic churnam, Avalgujabijadi churnam. Ind J Natur Sci 2021; 12:34395-34402.

Google Scholar

17. Vala GS, Kapadiya, PK. Medicinal benefits of coconut oil (A Review paper). Int J Life Sci Res 2014; 2:124-126.

Google Scholar

18. Eyres L, Eyres MF, Chishoim A, et al. Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:267-280.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

19. Lee EJ, Oh H, Kang BG, et al. Lipid-lowering effects of medium-chain triglyceride-enriched coconut oil in combination with licorice extracts in experimental hyperlipidemic mice. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:10447-10457.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

20. Fernando W, Martins I, Goozee K, et al. The role of dietary coconut for the prevention and treatment of Alzeimer’s disease. Potential mechanisms of action. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1-14.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

21. BoemekeL, Marcadenti A. Effects of coconut oil on human health. Open J Endocr Metab Dis 2015; 5:84-87.

Google Scholar, Cross Ref

22. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. Jayyed Press 1975.
23. Warrier PK, Nambiar VP, Ramankutty C. Indian medicinal plants. Madras: Orient Longman Ltd 1996; 417-419.
24. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Science and Business Media 2007.
25. https://www.niir.org/books/book/handbook-on-unani-medicines-with-formulae-processes-uses-analysis-niir-board-consultants-engineers/isbn-8178330423/zb,,67,a,0,0,a/index.html
26. Khyade MS, Vaikos NP. Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. a review on its ethnobotany, pharmacognosy and pharmacological profile. J Coastal Life Med 2014; 2:826-840.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

27. Bhattacharyya N, Pujar MP, Chaturvedi A, et al. A Clinico-analytical study on seed of Wrightia antidysenterica Linn. as a therapeutic emetic agent (Vamaka Yoga) in the management of psoriasis. Pharmacog Res 2016; 8:S19.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

28. Sajitha M, Subramani K. Chemical Investigation of Wrightia tinctoria. Nat Prod Chem Res 2017; 5:1-3.

Google Scholar

29. Bijauliya RK, Alok S, Chanchal DK, et al. An updated review of pharmacological studies on Azadirachta indica (neem). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9:2645-55.

Indexed at, Google Scholar

30. Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 2016.

Indexed at, Google Scholar, Cross Ref

31. Pankaj S, Lokeshwar T, Mukesh B, et al. Review of Neem (Azadiractaindica): Thousand problems one solution. Int Res J Pharm 2010; 2:97-102.

Google Scholar

32. http://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/